One Rule
When a system fails, it's often helpful to make small, controlled changes. Start by adjusting one parameter at a time and observe the results. Sometimes, simple modifications can resolve the issue without requiring complex troubleshooting.
Second Comparison Rule
Before performing any hands-on maintenance, try to identify the fault or determine a potential solution. This means you should have already suspected the problem before you begin working on it. For example, if during an injection process you notice that the internal standard peak is low, you can repeat the injection to check for reproducibility. If the peak remains low, consider whether there might be a bubble in the quantitation tube. This rule helps assess the situation after a system change, such as when replacing a flow rate meter. Before starting formal injections, run two standards to check the stability of retention times and chromatographic peaks. If extra peaks appear during gradient elution, perform a no-load gradient to see if the issue persists. This approach helps avoid unnecessary adjustments and allows for quicker corrective actions.
Third Replacement Rule
Replacing suspected faulty components with known good ones is one of the most effective troubleshooting methods. If you suspect that the detector is causing noise, swap it out with a functioning one. If the issue disappears, then the original detector was likely the source of the problem. This method can be applied at various levels, from replacing entire components down to individual circuit board modules.
Fourth Return-to-Original Rule
This rule works in conjunction with the replacement rule. After replacing a suspected part with a good one (like a flow rate meter), if the problem still exists, put the original part back. This minimizes repair costs and prevents the use of used components that could lead to further issues. However, this rule only applies to single-fault situations. It does not apply in the following cases:
(1) New parts are damaged upon removal (e.g., pump gaskets);
(2) The cost of the parts is very low (such as column filters);
(3) There is a risk of damage when reinstalling the original parts;
(4) Parts that are regularly replaced as part of routine maintenance.
Fifth Reference Condition Rule
There are typically two types of reference conditions: 1) Standard reference conditions; and 2) Test reference conditions. Standard reference conditions, also known as standard test conditions, are consistent across different systems and laboratories. These conditions help verify performance and identify discrepancies between actual tests and system behavior. For instance, if the system pressure is high under certain test conditions but normal under standard conditions, it may indicate that the problem is related to the lab environment rather than the system itself.
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